The Story of the Pea Island Life Savers Essays

The Story of the Pea Island Life Savers Essays The Story of the Pea Island Life Savers Paper The Story of the Pea Island Life Savers Paper JJ 1 J. J. . . . The Story of the Pea Island Life Savers In July of 2007, I explored the Outer Banks of North Carolina for the first time. I had driven down Highway 12 to a beach house for the summer vacation. The environment of the open sea touched by the narrow land gave me a feeling of wonderment as I observed the coastline and its beauty. During that first visit I noted that the ocean surf was strong and the sky constantly changing. On each visit to the Outer Banks, I challenged myself to learn something new of the Outer Banks long history. It was on my third visit to the Outer Banks when I discovered the story of a unique group of black men who were Life Savers. These black Life Savers worked for the government after the reconstruction period of the Civil War and defined the standard of performance in the United States Life-Saving Service; later to become the United States Coast Guard. My history lesson of this unique group black Life Savers began at the Chicamacomico Lifesaving Station Historic Site. My wife and I spent the day traveling along Highway 12 until we reached the Lifesaving Station in the village of Rodanthe. I met James Charlet who was the Site Manager for the Chicamacomico Lifesaving. James shared his passion for the history of the U. S Life-Saving Service with me. He recommended the documentary film RESCUE MEN-The Story of Pea Island to me. James said the DVD would explain about the U. S Life-Saving Service of the Outer Banks. JJ 2 The film begins with a quote The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy. from Martian Luther King. At the beginning of the film, I was placed in the middle of a great storm on the terrible night of October 11, 1896 when the schooner E. S. Newman grounded south of the Pea Island Lifesaving Station. Captain S. A. Gardiner and eight others clinging to the wreckage saw two life savers swimming toward them and realized they were black men. It was not until 1996 that the crew of the Pea Island Life-Saving Station was awarded the Gold Lifesaving Medal for their efforts in saving all crew and family members. This late but honorable recognition was explained in further detail in the film. Blacks living during the â€Å"Jim Crow† era as these Life Savers were, found their contributions to the history of the Outer Banks often neglected from the public they served. A key character in the film was Richard Etheridge, a slave born on January 16, 1842. Etheridge was the property of John B. Etheridge on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Large plantations did not exist in the Outer Banks; African Americans were relatively few and slavery limited. During his early life, Richard Etheridge learned to work the sea, fishing, piloting boats and combing the beach for the refuse of wrecks. Even though it was illegal to do so, his master also taught him to read and write. After the fighting began between the States, the Outer Banks were the site of one of the first Northern invasions. In February 1862, Union commanders employed black labor to build fortifications for the Union armies. The Union realized the potential that the recruitment of Southern blacks offered their forces but at the same time diminishing the oppositions labor JJ 3 supply. Black troops started to enlist during the summer of 1863. Richard Etheridge joined on August 28. In the 1870s, some of the Outer Banks black army veterans found jobs as Surfmen in the U. S. Life-Saving Service, which had opened seven stations on North Carolina’s coast. Until 1880, the men served with white men at various stations along the Outer Banks in integrated or â€Å"checkerboard† crews. After fighting in the Civil War for the Union, Richard Etheridge joined the U. S. Life-Saving Service. During this time in the Outer Banks, the U. S. Life-Saving Service was full of cronyism and white crews were handpicked by the local politicians. Blacks only held the lowest of positions, such as cooks and stable hands. It was not until the Pea Island Life-Saving Station, crewed by mostly whites, had become incapable of performing rescues that Sumner Kimball, the General Superintendent of the U. S. Life-Saving Service, appointed Richard Etheridge keeper of the Pea Island Station. Etheridge the only black man to lead a lifesaving crew and became the Pea Island Station first black Captain. Captain Etheridge recruited and trained only blacks to man Station 17 know as the Pea Island Station. In 1880, although civilian attitudes towards Etheridge and his men ranged from curiosity to outrage, the Pea Island Station crew figured among the most courageous Surfmen in the service, performing many daring rescues from 1880 to the closing of the station in 1947. The film provides many insightful details of the daily lives of these black Surfmen who turn out to be the best Live Saving crew of the Outer Banks. At the conclusion of the film, the JJ 4 narrator leaves the viewer with his observation. â€Å"The Pea Island crew saved scores of men, women and children, who, under other circumstances would have been considered the hands of those reaching out to help them, to be of the wrong race. † I look forward to my next visit to the Outer Banks and may I be as fortunate to discover something new about the history of North Carolina.

Remember the Simple Days of Reading

Remember the Simple Days of Reading Reach back in your memories, and remember how you read books. As a chid, as a teen, as a young adult, then now. Which book, when you see the title again, springs a memory back to life, reminding you how intensely you fell into that story and didnt want to climb out? I built a tree house for my grandsons second birthday. Yeah, I know its a little over-the- top nuts, but I designed it and had it built so its a place hell retreat to long into college. Right now its all about climbing the stairs and peering at the tree limbs and over at the chickens. In a few years, itll be about Swiss Family Robinson, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, or something along the line of Maximum Ride. Im running power to it in the future so that, yes, he can drag his laptop up there and maybe even spend the night, maybe bring his friends along. While I have a selfish motive, that of having him around more, I did it because what kid hasnt wished for a tree house? On Facebook, I showed pictures of the house (see one at the top of this newsletter cool, huh?), and was dumbfounded at the 200+ responses from adults. Men and women who recalled their tree houses, or pined over never having one. So I asked them why theres such an attraction to tree houses? Privacy, a place to read, a place to write, a place to feel closer to nature. If we reach back again in those reading memories mentioned earlier, thats what we wanted from the time we could read Dick and Jane books. Its an escape into our deep, true selves, gifting ourselves with permission to reach far. That is what a book is supposed to do. Sometimes, in our frenzy to learn how to publish, or our yearning to make money, we forget that feeling were supposed to be offering to readers. Maybe we need to climb up into a tree house to remember.

Computers in Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computers in Architecture - Essay Example The past few years has seen an increase in the use of digital tools in almost every field and line of work. Architecture is no different from any of these fields. Digital technology has greatly aided architectures in modeling and easily creating prototypes that require little or no physical resources to be used. This essay would look at the new building of Cooper Union designed by Thom Mayne as examples to show how technology facilitates within the architectural design of a building. The building in itself represents the past stories and futuristic development of the city of New York that has lost much and is striving to build a bright future. This essay demonstrates the technology, that was to enable creativity in The Cooper Union building. This essay mainly focuses on what makes Mayne’s work unique from the rest, such as the curve integrated within the building, V-shaped columns that are aligned with the sidewalk, the vacant spaces within these columns make perfect spot for students to hang out or enjoy with their friends and the staircase that is 20 feet wide and moves in a manner towards the top of the building. In conclusion, creative features have been made possible due to the technological tools that helped the architect during the design phase. The simulation allowed the architect to make changes to the design without actually building a prototype and obtaining the results of those changes almost immediately.

Increasing numbers of inmate in prisons Research Paper

Increasing numbers of inmate in prisons - Research Paper Example These factors include the increase of older population, the increase of crime and productivity of inmates in the United States. Increase of older population and its impacts Over the years, the population in the United States continues to increase due to high fertility rate, increase of live birth and some other factors such as geographical movement of the people. In 1995 the national population in the United States has grown by 13 million from 1990 (US Census Bureau, 2010). From 2000 to 2006, the US population increased by 6.39% but the overall population growth rate slowed down by 17% (Geo Midpoint, 2011). However, the entire national population in the United States does not shrink in number, rather it continues to grow. Its condition at present time is moving into an upward spiral while it becomes older in general. However, this trend started in 1980s. The population growth rate in 1980 was 10% and 13% in 1990 (US Census Bureau, 2010). In 2000, the US population was growing older w ith majority of them from fifteen down to fifty-four year old (US Census Bureau, 2010). This implies that the population in the US is getting older. However, a certain study shows that age structure is related to the prison population (Marvell and Moody, 1997). The age groups with high imprisonment rate are eighteen to twenty four, twenty five to thirty four, and thirty five to forty four. In 1980 to 1987, it was the groups with age twenty four to forty four that grew most rapidly (Walker, 1996). This probably explains the dramatic increase of prison system in the United States starting in 1980s. Considering that the population in the United States is getting older and the age of individuals with high imprisonment ranges from eighteen to forty four, the number of crimes is expected to move in an upward spiral. In general, the number of violence and crimes in the United States has a positive association with the increasing number of its older population. For instance, those people wh o committed crimes or violent behavior at the age of 18 may eventually repeat the same act in the following years of their life. For instance, it is found that re-victimization pattern is associated with imprisonment (Finkelhor et al., 2007). In fact, this study further shows that within family older siblings are most likely to stand as factor for both risk and decrease of re-victimization process. This further implies that age is associated with the increase of crime in the United States. In fact, it is not only in the United States, but in other countries that most of inmates have long criminal records (Tonry, 2004). This means that they have various records of imprisonment or being in prison due to crimes or violent behaviors they committed against the law. These people have committed the same or related crimes all over again due to alcohol and drug abuse (Tonry, 2004). In the United States, substance abuse and alcohol addiction are pervasive issues that the national government h as long been given with its wider focus and attention. The fact that these social problems have contributed to the increase of crimes, violent behavior of a person and other related accidents, the government is very eager to alleviate or eventually impede their negative impacts. However, there is another important issue that needs to be closely determined aside from finding for the right solution of these social problems. In the United States, adults and young adults are strongly linked to alcohol

“Eveline” and “The Dead” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† Essay Similarities between James Joyces short stories, â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† James Joyces short stories â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† basically share a lot of similarities in multiple aspects. Although they are thematically different, the main characters in both stories share nearly similar experiences that basically changed their views, beliefs, and decisions in life. The first notable similarity is between Gabriel Conroy, the main character of â€Å"The Dead† and Eveline, the principal character in â€Å"Eveline. † In â€Å"The Dead,† Gabriel Conroy views himself as a person who is in control of his life and, most especially his wife, Gretta. However, when Gretta suddenly cries because she remembered her past lover through a song being played in piano, Gabriel realizes that he has not in control of her since she evidently still has some past attachments that havent been settled. This incident basically changed Gabriels perception of his life and general as he laid down on his bed. Similarly, Eveline was already convinced that she wanted to escape the cruelty of his father by going away with her lover Frank but when she hears the organs that was played during her mothers death, she suddenly had a change of heart and remained in her home town. In addition, Evelines experience is also similar with Gretta as they both heard music that reminded them of their pasts. In short, the similarity between â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† is that both stories contained characters who suddenly stopped pursuing their desires and dreams due to a single yet significant experience. Moreover, both stories involves acknowledging and reconciling with the past and using past experiences to make decisions for the future.

Medicinal Herbs and Pharmaceutical Drugs :: Health, Medication

A herb-drug interaction is defined as any pharmacological modification caused by a herbal substance(s) to another exogenous-chemical (e.g. a prescription medication) in the diagnostic, therapeutic or other action of a drug in or on the body (Brazier and Levine, 2003). This relates to drug-drug interactions, herb-herb interaction or drug-food interaction. A herb can potentially mimic, magnify or reduce the effects of co-administered drugs and the consequences of these interactions can be beneficial, undesirable or harmful effects (Fugh and Ernst, 2001). It should be pointed out that both the putative active ingredient(s) and other constituents present in that herbal mixture have the potential to interact with various classes of drugs (Miller, 1998). Many medicinal herbs and pharmaceutical drugs are therapeutically active at one dose and toxic at another. Interaction between herbs and drugs may increase or decrease the pharmacological or toxicological effects of either component. Synergistic and therapeutic effects may complicate the dosing of long-term medication. e.g. herbs traditionally used to decrease glucose concentrations in diabetes could therapeutically precipitate hypoglycemia if taken in combination with conventional drugs (Fugh, 2000). Plausible cases of herb-drug interactions include: bleeding when warfarin is combined with ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), garlic (Allium sativum), danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) and decreased bioavailability of digoxin, theophylline, and cyclosporine when they are combined with St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) etc.,(Shu-feng et al., 2007). Health–care practitioners should caution patients against mixing herbs and pharmaceutical drugs (Fugh, 2000). Cardiovascular diseases particularly myocardial toxicity is one of the leading causes of mortality. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are many, like hypertension, atherosclerosis, drugs like doxorubicin & catecholamines like isoproterenol, isoprenaline etc (Gupta et al., 2004). Doxorubicin/Adriamycin (Dox) is a powerful, well established and highly efficacious drug in the fight against many kinds of cancers like solid tumors, leukemia’s, soft tissue sarcoma, breast cancer, small cell carcinoma of the lung and esophageal carcinomas. But its clinical usefulness is still restricted due to its specific toxicities to cardiac tissues (Zhon et al., 2001). Congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and electrocardiographic changes were demonstrated after cumulative Dox administration (Lenaz and Page, 1976). The possible mechanisms proposed for myocardial toxic effects of Dox include free radical induced myocardial injury, lipid peroxidation (Myers et al.

An Analysis of the Kenyan Mobile Phone Market Essay

The stage is thus set for fierce competition among Mobile service providers in Kenya with possible positive benefits for the millions of mobile subscribers in the country. . 2 Technology According to Laudon(2006:292), â€Å"mobile phones enable millions of people to communicate and access the internet †¦. where conventional telephone and internet services are expensive or unavailable†. It is not surprising then that in a country such as Kenya with poor or little infrastructure in the form of fixed telephone lines, developed transport systems and computer facilities that a large percentage of the population has resorted to using mobile phones to communicate , do business and enhance their lives. According to Menguy, T (2007), in 1990, only 48. % of long distance calls and 53. 7% of domestic calls were being completed successfully using a fixed line. State owned fixed line operator Telkom Kenya has been regarded as a â€Å"low performer with no competition†. Laudon ( 2006:292) highlights that the global standard for cellular service is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) which is also currently being used by the Safaricom and Celtel networks. Using the GSM band users are able to retain the same number while being able to roam across national borders to nearby countries such as Uganda and Tanzania (BBC News as reported by Karobia, C,). Although the benefits and features of smart phones are widely known and used by the western world developing companies such as Kenya as still getting used to the idea of having a phone that does nearly everything for them. Safaricom is only introducing 3G and video calling including other value adding services to Kenyans next year (Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:12)) which undoubtedly will only enhance the lives of Kenyans. 1. 3 Foreign Trade Policy During the 1980’s until 1990’s, Kenya’s poor relations with donors resulted in heavy domestic borrowing and higher interest rates which resulted in poor economic growth. According to Wagacha, M, (2008:12) trade policies in Kenya underwent reformation in 1990 which resulted in greater trade openness (such as the CCK’s decision to issue more mobile phone licences to companies). The Trade Openness Index is an indication of the ability of country to trade and is calculated by adding imports and exports of company and representing it as a fraction of GDP. Wagacha, M (2008:12) highlights that the trade openness index for Kenya was an average of 46. 4% during 1997 to 2003 . The higher the trade openness the more open the country is to trade and the higher the growth. A country such as Uganda had an openness index of 26. 7 which indicates that Kenya has better trade policies and a better chance of growth as compared to Uganda. In addition to this Apoteker, T and Crozet, E (2003:7) argue that better trade openness results in †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Innovation and efficient production in a smaller number of goods [and allows Kenya]†¦. to compete internationally. Greater variety of goods available to consumers thus increasing the consumer Surplus and satisfying the consumers’ â€Å"demand of difference†. †¢[The] Adoption of sound policies to make sure the country is attractive to investors. †¢Capital flows can enhance domestic investment rates. From capital-rich to capital-poor countries, they can improve the rate of capi tal accumulation in the latter†. According to Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:7) prior to 1998 all telecommunications in Kenya was owned and controlled by the state owned company Kenya Posts and Telecommunications (KP&C). Wagacha, M (2008:16) highlights that more than 200 transnational corporations are operating in Kenya successfully, in many industries not limited just to the mobile phone sector. However trade reforms and governmental corruption have always influenced investment from foreign companies. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) may be regarded as the commitment by developed countries to facilitate the access of new technologies, markets, products, process and skills and most importantly funds to the developing or emerging country to improve and strengthen the economic development of the developing country such as Kenya. In1999 the Kenyan government approved the new act proposed by the Communication Commission of Kenya(CCK) which made KP&C redundant with the intention of opening up the industry to invite competition from foreign and local service providers. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) as cited by Van Vuuren, H (2002:1) also describes â€Å"private capital flows to Africa, as an essential component of a sustainable long-term approach to filling the resource gap†. However bribery and corruption in the Kenyan government and the government’s interference in the mobile phone industry is well known. In 2005 Econet Wireless paid US$ 15 m for phone network licence which according to Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:7) was illegally cancelled by the Kenyan Minister of Information and Communications. The same minister was also accused of illegally cancelling a tendering process for a second fixed line operator and is alleged to have a vested interest in monopolised Telkom Kenya. The Competition Commission of Kenya (CCk) which was formed in the first place to invite foreign and local investment in the mobile industry has since been dissolved due to governmental interference in a highly political industry. Today nearly 100’s of companies are still waiting for their licences to be issued which now rests with government which is trying to regulate the industry with a political agenda which is counter productive to stimulating sustainable long term growth to reduce poverty (Wagacha, 2008). 1. 4 Economy Table 1 below shows some key statistics on Kenya. According to the information presented in the table it can be seen that Kenya has an average population of 34. 7million people and 52% of the Kenyan population is below the poverty line. Table 1: Key Statistics for Kenya

Identified

The Struggle life of a Mexican-American In today's society, racial profiling is not unheard of, actually it is quite common. It is still at debate whether the act of racial profiling in moral or not. In the essay â€Å"Exile. El Paso, Texas†, Saenz describes his personal experience of discrimination due to his ethnic background. Saenz is a Mexican-American and because he lives in El Paso, which is a border town, he is often mistaken for an illegal immigrant by other Americans. Throughout the essay, Saenz’s feeling about his identity as an American had changed.He feels like he is always being judged by Americans sorely on his appearances. Towards the beginning of his essay, Saenz feels like he belonged to America and he had a positive view about everything around him, special is the nature throughout his desk view. Saenz says, â€Å"I looked out my window and stared at the Juarez Mountains. Mexican purples – burning. † (p. 20). We can see that Saenz is enjo ying his desk view. He goes further in describing how he feels, â€Å"All this color, all this color, all this color beneath the shadow of the Juarez Mountains.Sunset Heights: a perfect place with a perfect name, and a perfect view of the river. † (p. 20). These colors, especially the purple, represent the beauty of El Paso for him. At this point, it is easy for Saenz to find the beauty of El Paso. But later, Saenz's feeling had changed because Saenz is stopped on the streets of his neighborhood and questioned by the border patrol officers. When she first saw him, she suspected that Saenz was not American. She asked him where he came from and later she repeated the question in Spanish because the thought Saenz could not understand English.Even thought Saenz said he was a U. S citizen, she still kept her suspicious about his identify and kept asking him some questions to make sure. Despite the rude questioning of the female border patrol officer, Saenz tried to stay friendly a nd appeasing. Afterwards, Saenz regreted the way he handled the situation saying, â€Å"I was embarrassed, ashamed because I'd been so damned compliant like a piece of tin foil in the uniformed woman's hand. † (p. 22). At the same time Saenz becomes annoyed and says to himself, â€Å"pretty soon I'll have to carry a passport in my own neighborhood. â€Å"( p. 22).Because he thinks when people stops him and starts to ask him the same questions, he would show them the passport to confirm that he is American then they cannot be mean to him. Besides, Saenz was affected by the questions of the border patrol officer and the attitudes, so he tried to do anything to get these questions out of his mind. As the result, he went for a run, he kept running until he could no longer hear â€Å" Are you sure you were born in Las Cruces? †. The next encounter, the border patrol officers still had doubt about him and they asked him some question such as: â€Å"Do you live in this nei ghborhood? , â€Å"Where down the street? † (p. 23). But in this encounter, he became more confident for his answers and with each pursuing officer Saenz becomes more aggressive. He replied they:† are you planning on making a social visit? â€Å"(p. 23). Couple months later, he was stopped again and be asked by the similar questions:† where are you from? † (p. 24). Saenz was so upset and he asked them to leave him alone. In another day, when he was in Juarez with his friend, Michael, the custom officer asked them to declare their citizenship.After they answered that they was U. S citizens, the officer kept asking Saenz about where he was born in America and did not ask Michael. In this situation, Saenz noticed that his friend did not be asked about the identity because he had blue eyes, white skin which makes him look like an American. Thus, Saenz feels like he was being discriminated against because his appearance. Saenz's total shift is completed in his f inal confrontation of the essay. In this run in with the border patrol Saenz's defiance is most blatant.Saenz is pushed past his threshold and snaps, saying to the officer, â€Å"Read me my rights, throw me in the can, or leave me alone. â€Å"(p. 26) The reader is able to view Saenz's change in attitude. Saenz feeling of annoyance turns to pure hatred. Saenz states, â€Å"He hated me as much as I hated him. â€Å"(p. 26). We can see the feeling of Saenz had changed from the beginning through the end of the essay. When the first meet up with the female border patrol officer, he did not get upset about what she acted to him and her rude questions.Nevertheless, his feeling had changed day by day because of the behavior of the officers that makes him feel like he is separated from his neighborhood. Saenz’s lifestyle has been an ongoing struggle for him because of all the harassments and discrimination he encountered in El Paso. He realized that people judged him sorely based on his appearance and treats him different than his other American friends just because he doesn’t look like an ideal American. Throughout the essay he becomes less and less aware of his identity and who he really is.

Anasazi essays

Anasazi essays What really happened to the Anasazi; The Crisis of the Thirteenth Century The Anasazi are ancestors of the present- day Pueblo, Zuni, and Hopi tribes of New Mexico and Arizona. The Anasazi fished, hunted small game, and gathered wild foods. They eventually started to build elaborate structures called cliff dwellings, moving away from the subterranean pit houses. They used a sophisticated irrigation system to support their civilization. Using dams and dikes, contoured terraces, and reservoirs, the Anasazi made the most of the sandy soil and limited rainfall in their desert climate. Some archaeologists and historians believed that a lack of rainfall led to the demise of the Anasazi. Other scientists believe that cannibalism caused the downfall of the Anasazi. Along with attacks from the neighboring tribe, the Navajo, the Cannibalism theory provides a more practical explanation for the disappearance of the Anasazi. What caused the Anasazi people, who had one of the most sophisticated civilizations in North America, to abandon their beautiful stone dwellings in the mid- 12th century? One of the earliest theories was the Great Drought theory, presented by A.E Douglass, an historian and archaeologist. He discovered new techniques for tree ring dating, called dendrochronology, he then charted the tree rings in living trees and overlapped and matched them with those found in wooden beams from increasingly older archaeological sites. Douglass discovered that there was a great drought in the American West between 1276 and 1299, about the time when Anasazi cities had been Although the Great Drought theory has been used to explain the disappearance of the Anasazi for many years, scientist and archaeologists are uncovering new evidence that could improve the understanding of why the Anasazi left their homes in the Midwest. Christy Turner, a professor of physical anthropology at Arizona State University, authored a book called...

Tin Hedgehog Experiment - Grow Tin Metal Crystals

Tin Hedgehog Experiment - Grow Tin Metal Crystals Metal crystals are intricate and beautiful. They are also surprisingly easy to grow. In this experiment, learn how to grow tin crystals that display a spiky appearance that make them look like a metal hedgehog. Tin Hedgehog Materials 0.5 M tin(II) chloride solution (SnCl2)zinc pellettest tube or vial that is larger in diameter than the zinc The rounded hedgehog shape forms around a pellet of zinc, but you can substitute any chunk of zinc metal. Since the reaction occurs at the surface of the metal, you may also use a galvanized (zinc coated) object in place of the zinc pellet. Grow a Tin Hedgehog Pour tin chloride solution into a vial. Dont fill it up all the way because you need room for the zinc.Add the zinc pellet. Set the vial somewhere stable, so it wont get bumped or jarred.Watch the delicate tin crystals grow! Youll see the beginning of a spiky hedgehog shape in the first 15 minutes, with good crystal formation within an hour. Be sure to take pictures or video of the crystals for later, since the tin hedgehog wont last. Eventually, the weight of the fragile crystals or movement of the container will collapse the structure. The bright metallic shine of the crystals will dull over time, plus the solution will turn cloudy. Chemistry of the Reaction In this experiment, tin(II) chloride (SnCl2) reacts with zinc metal (Zn) to form tin metal (Sn) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) via a substitution or single displacement  reaction: SnCl2   Zn → Sn ZnCl2 Zinc acts as a reducing agent, giving electrons to the tin chloride so that the tin is free to precipitate.  The reaction begins at the surface of the zinc metal. As the tin metal is produced, atoms stack on top of each other in a characteristic form or allotrope of the element. The fern-like shape of the zinc crystals is a characteristic of that metal, so while other types of metal crystals may be grown using this technique, they wont display the same appearance. Grow a Tin Hedgehog Using an Iron Nail Another way to grow tin crystals is using zinc chloride solution and iron. Unless you use a round chunk of iron, you wont get a hedgehog, but you can get the crystal growth, just the same. Materials iron wire or nail0.1 M tin chloridetest tube Note: You dont need to make up a new tin chloride solution. If you have solution from the reaction with zinc, you can use that. The concentration mainly affects how quickly the crystals grow. Procedure Suspend the iron wire or nail in a test tube containing tin chloride.After about an hour, crystals will start to form. You can examine these with a magnifying glass or by removing the wire and looking at the crystals under a microscope.Allow the iron to remain in the solution overnight for more/larger crystals. Chemical Reaction Once again, this is a  simple displacement chemical reaction: Sn2   Fe → Sn Fe2 Safety and Disposal As always, its good practice to wear safety goggles and gloves when performing chemistry experiments.When you have finished the experiment, you can rinse the chemicals down the drain with water. Learn More Use a magnifying lens to compare tin crystals grown on the zinc and iron surfaces.You may wish to experiment with how changing the concentration of the zinc chloride solution or temperature of the solution affects the crystal growth rate and appearance.Try to grow other metal crystals using this technique. Keep in mind the resulting crystals might not resemble a hedgehog. To choose a subject, find a metal salt that is soluble in water, does not oxidize too quickly in air, yet can react with zinc or iron (or other metal) to form crystals. The metal needs to be more reactive than tin or the substitution wont proceed.  Its also a good idea to consider the toxicity of the metal, for personal safety and chemical disposal. You can consult the solubility rules to select good candidates for further experimentation. Sources Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). Tin. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 793–800. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.Schwartz, Mel (2002). Tin and Alloys, Properties. Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 1-56676-661-3.

Innovative assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovative 2 - Assignment Example Drivers are likely to sleep off after being on the road for long distances or for other reasons such as feeling unwell and being drunk. In the event of such a scenario, the driver will not be in control of the vehicle and hence the increase in the chances of causing an accident. However, with the appropriate use of technology, such a driver can be alerted that he is dosing off. As a result, the chances of such a driver causing an accident are reduced drastically. A steering wheel with heart rate sensors and its display on the vehicle’s dash board In other cases, a driver could suffer from a heart attack. Consequently, the driver is likely to cause an accident or even just get incapacitated by the condition to a point of not being able to call for medical attention. Therefore, with the help of a correct system, when such a condition occurs the system can automatically call for medical assistance on behalf of the driver. In addition, the system can be made intelligent enough to control the vehicle. An image of a car seat with sensors Lastly, sometimes a parent may fail to realise that his or her child is feeling unwell during a drive. This way, the child’s condition is likely to get worse as the parent concentrates on driving. In order to avoid such an occurrence, an intelligent system could be used to alert such a parent of a child’s ailing condition. ... This results in injuries, loss of life, and damage of property or all of these. On the other hand, an adult is not able to contact a doctor when he suffers a condition such as a heart attack. Moreover, a child can get seriously ill if the guardian is not able to realise that the child is ailing. This document provides at simple ways of solving these challenges. A list of the equipment required for the implementation of these systems. In addition, this document analyses some of the possible problems, which can be encountered during the implementation of these systems. However, the possible solutions to these problems are also provided. The key consideration for the implementation of the three systems considered in this document is the reaction of the body during sleep and sickness. This reaction acts as a trigger to the system in order to provide the appropriate response. Conclusion The time taken to respond to sleep during driving, a heart attack or to provide assistance to an ailing child can mean the difference between life and death. With the above systems lives would be saved and in other cases property would also be spared. One great advantage with these systems is that they can be easily implemented. Therefore, many people will be able to afford the systems and their accompanying benefits. Finally, these systems use electronic components that require some power supply for them to work appropriately. Since these this technology will be used within vehicles, there will never be power problems since vehicles usually provide their own power. The History of the Heart Rate Monitor The history of heart rate monitors go back to the 1970’s (Nasa, n.d). For instance, NASA started the development of such

Operations Decision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operations Decision - Assignment Example The main difference between this Company and its main competitors is that it very tasty and good to look at low calorie food stuffs that are also healthy. With more and more people increasingly focusing on healthy eating, the company also manages to constantly outshine its key competitors that have much higher calorie foodstuffs. Most residents in the UK prefer low calorie foods since they are much more concerned about their health than in the previous years. This hands the company an added advantage over its competitors like KFC and Mac Fries that have higher calories food on their respective menus. Most of its customers are of the ages from 20 to 55 years coming from all the socio-cultural backgrounds. Amongst the two genders, women form the largest segment of their customers since they tend to watch their health and weight much more keenly than their male counterparts.. These refer to the internal and external factors that affect the company’s marketing opportunities. This analysis identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which are significant in determining actions or aspects that are necessary for the marketing plan. The company tries to make good food in a simple and more sustainable manner while at the same time striving to meet its commercial goals. The company has ensured that it is capable of balancing the four main elements of marketing so as to achieve the above states objective. A successful product or service has to incorporate a distinctive marketing mix for it to be successful. The right mix of these elements will ensure the company has a higher chance of achieving this stated objective that leads to increased customer satisfaction. This consists of four P’s that include: product, price, place and promotion. In the food and beverage industry, the product has to look and taste good as well as constituting the right ingredients. The products’ prices also need to be